Glutathione（r-glutamyl cysteingl +glycine，GSH） is a tripeptide containing γ-amide bond and sulfhydryl group. It is composed of glutamic acid, cysteine and glycine. It exists in almost every cell of the body.
Glutathione can help maintain the normal immune system function, and has an antioxidant effect, integrated detoxification effect. The sulfhydryl group on cysteine is its active group (so it is often abbreviated as G-SH), which is easy to combine with certain drugs, toxins, etc., so that it has an integrated detoxification effect. Glutathione can not only be used in medicines, but also as a base material for functional foods. It is widely used in functional foods such as delaying aging, enhancing immunity, and anti-tumor.
Glutathione has two forms: reduced (G-SH) and oxidized (G-S-S-G). Under physiological conditions, reduced glutathione accounts for the majority. Glutathione reductase can catalyze the interconversion between the two types, and the coenzyme of this enzyme can also provide NADPH for pentose phosphate bypass metabolism.
Glutathione is widely present in animals and plants, and plays an important role in organisms. The content in baker's yeast, wheat germ and animal liver is very high, reaching 100 ~ 1000 mg/100g, in human blood containing 26 ~ 34 mg/100g, chicken blood containing 58 ~ 73 mg/100g, pig blood containing 10 ~ 15 mg/100g, the content is also higher in tomatoes, pineapple, cucumber (12 ~ 33 mg/100g), but lower in sweet potatoes, mung bean sprouts, onions, mushrooms (0.06 ~ 0.7 mg/100g)
Detoxification: Combine with poisons or drugs to eliminate their toxic effects;
Participate in redox reaction: as an important reducing agent, participate in a variety of redox reactions in the body;
Protect the activity of sulfhydrylase: keep the active group of sulfhydrylase—SH in a reduced state;
Maintain the stability of the red blood cell membrane structure: eliminate the damaging effect of oxidants on the red blood cell membrane structure
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As an important regulatory metabolite in cells, GSH is not only the prosthetic group of glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase, but also the coenzyme of glyoxalase and triose dehydrogenase. It participates in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and sugar metabolism in the body. It can activate a variety of enzymes, such as sulfhydryl (SH) enzyme-coenzyme, etc., thereby promoting carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. The GSH molecule is characterized by its active sulfhydryl group (-SH), which is the most important functional group. It can participate in a variety of important biochemical reactions in the body, protect important enzyme protein sulfhydryl groups in the body from oxidation and inactivation, and ensure energy metabolism and cell utilization. At the same time, it combines with free radicals in the body through sulfhydryl groups, which can directly reduce free radicals to acidic substances, thereby accelerating the excretion of free radicals and resisting the damage of free radicals to important organs. Haddad et al. found that GSH is involved in the regulation of lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine transcription and the regulation of the I-KB/NF-KB signaling pathway. Armstrong et al. found that the decrease of GSH content is a potential early activation signal for apoptosis, and the subsequent generation of oxygen free radicals promotes cell apoptosis |
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Clinical drugs
Glutathione drugs are widely used in clinics. In addition to using its sulfhydryl group to chelate heavy metals, fluoride, mustard gas and other toxins poisoning, it is also used in hepatitis, hemolytic diseases, keratitis, cataracts, and retinal diseases as treatment or Adjuvant therapy drugs. In recent years, Western scientists, especially Japanese scholars, have discovered that glutathione has the function of suppressing HIV. |
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Anti-oxidize effectAs an important antioxidant in the body, glutathione can remove free radicals in the body; because GSH itself is easily oxidized by certain substances, it can protect the sulfhydryl groups in many proteins and enzymes in the body from being harmful Substances are oxidized to ensure the normal functioning of molecular physiological functions such as proteins and enzymes; there is a lot of glutathione in human red blood cells, which is of great significance for protecting the sulfhydryl group of the protein on the red blood cell membrane in a reduced state and preventing hemolysis |
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Food additives
Adding glutathione to food can play an unexpected role: |
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